Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay

Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay In Telecommunications Applications, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a continuous increasing percentage of all telephone subscriptions around the globe. GSM is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide mobile market uses this standard. Currently there are about 4 Billion cellular subscribers around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both signalling and speech channels are digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G). Definition: Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with mobile communications since 1991. In over twenty years of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad range of mobile services as demand grows. Where the industry started with plain voice calls, it now has a powerful platform capable of supporting mobile broadband and multimedia services. GSM is now used in 219 countries and territories serving more than three billion people and providing travellers with access to mobile services wherever they go. GSM An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services EDGE An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services HSPA An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services GPRS A  very widely deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks 3G/WCDMA The air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Unions family of third-generation mobile communications systems LTE Designed to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorporates MIMO in combination with OFDMA GSM Roaming The ability for a customer to make  and receive calls, send  and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the coverage area of their home network IMB A technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services using TDD radio techniques. 2. GSM Network The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements. The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure 1. 3. GSM Network Operations GSM network architecture: There are four main areas of GSM Network: Mobile station (MS) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) Base-station subsystem (BSS) Simplified GSM Network Architecture Mobile station Mobile stations (MS) are also widely known as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile phones. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by user. The size of mobile phone In recent years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the level of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic element of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM. The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.Another important element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and cannot be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI while the registration of the phone. The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. NSS is also known as the core network and includes the following elements: Authentication Centre Home Location Register SMS Gateway Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Gateway Mobile Switching Centre Mobile Switching services Centre Base Station Subsystem (BSS) The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elements: Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the subscriber population increases with the resulted number of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This facilitates the information interchanges can take place and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used. Development of GSM Air Interface is the key elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide the optimum performance. Modulation format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset costs to be considerably reduced as detailed later. Reference: http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspx#ixzz0hoQeU6uY 4. GSM Advantages Disadvantages GSM Advantages GSM is grown-up means this development means a more constant network with healthy features. Fewer signal fall inside buildings. Ability to use repeaters. Talk-time is generally advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets. GSM covers almost all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible. Very good due to simple protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets. Some More Advantages most popular Communication Mobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services. Total mobility International access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers. Worldwide connectivity One number, the network handles every location. High capacity Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell. High transmission quality High audio quality and reliability for wireless. Disadvantages of GSM Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now. Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. GSM has a permanent maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies. GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and additional services such as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities. Evolution from 2G to 3G 2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fast changes in user expectation, they do not gather todays wireless needs. Cellular mobile telecommunications networks are being upgraded to use 3G technologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G nationally. How is 3G different from 2G and 4G While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards. 3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. 5. GSM Applications: 1. GSM-R: (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway) GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications based on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data loss in communication. GSM-R is one part of  ERTMS  (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of: GSM-R. ETCS  (European Train Control System). Frequency band GSM-R uses a specific  frequency band in Europe, which is as follows: 876  MHz 880  MHz: used for data transmission (uplink) 921  MHz 925  MHz: used for data reception (downlink) Channel spacing is 200  kHz. GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900  MHz frequencies (890  MHz 915  MHz range for transmission and 935  MHz 960  MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). In  China  GSM-R occupied a 4  MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900  MHz-GSM). GSM-R uses GSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many domains: Transmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to remote stations down the line Control and protection (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) and  ERTMS) Communication between train driver and regulation centre, Communication of on-board working people Information sending for  ETCS Communication between  train stations,  classification yard  and  rail tracks 2. GSM for Disaster Management: GSM Technology is being used for prevention in disasters. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. The response team is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an entire Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can have contact with the other people around the world. As we have seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster. 3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM Telemetry Remote Tank Level Monitoring Wireless Remote Monitoring for Pumps Leakage detection in Tanks Automated Condition Monitoring Remote communications to PLC using GSM Telemetry GSM Odometer (Mileage Management System) GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate fleet administration of vehicles. This will report all necessary information about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage management System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is fully compatible with your vehicle and central control room. GSM odometer also reports the following information: The total number of working hours of the vehicles Speed profiles of the vehicles Tracking using GSM location service Benefits of Mileage Management System: It provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle. Easy vehicle service recall. Better customer services. Less process time 70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration. Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may easily be integrated into the fleet owners billing and administration Enhanced Security Mobile Application Security: The mobile users around the globe are steadily increasing and hopefully will continue to grow more rapid in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the security risks and malicious applications. Therefore security is the key concern for the mobile and communications industry. GSM Association Mobile Application Security Initiative identified the need of security applications across mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which are: Proactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applications Assure quality and accountability of mobile applications Maintain trust in mobile platforms (and avoid similar problems in the Internet world) Secure existing and future business Protect operators against costs originating from malicious applications Facilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developers Ensure consistency across different OS platforms and operators. 6. GSM Security and Encryption Description of GSM Security Features Security in GSM consists of the following aspects: subscriber identity authentication, subscriber identity confidentiality, signaling data confidentiality, and user data confidentiality. The subscriber is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). This information, along with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki), constitutes sensitive identification credentials analogous to the Electronic Serial Number (ESN) in analog systems such as AMPS and TACS. The design of the GSM authentication and encryption schemes is such that this sensitive information is never transmitted over the radio channel. Rather, a challenge-response mechanism is used to perform authentication. The actual conversations are encrypted using a temporary, randomly generated ciphering key (Kc). The MS identifies itself by means of the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is issued by the network and may be changed periodically (i.e. during hand-offs) for additi onal security. Signal and Data Confidentiality The SIM contains the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) which is used to produce the 64-bit ciphering key (Kc). The ciphering key is computed by applying the same random number (RAND) used in the authentication process to the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki). As will be shown in later sections, the ciphering key (Kc) is used to encrypt and decrypt the data between the MS and BS. An additional level of security is provided by having the means to change the ciphering key, making the system more resistant to eavesdropping. The ciphering key may be changed at regular intervals as required by network design and security considerations. Figure 6 below shows the calculation of the ciphering key (Kc). Subscriber Identity Confidentiality To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below. 7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE GSM TECHNOLOGY: 1. INTERNET MOBILE SERVICES: IMS has been an major discovery by the 3GPP LTE concepts being introduced in the GSM mobile phones as its architecture is constantly being developed and more number of mobile service providers are implementing it to deliver services such as MMS and INTERNET. Because of this rapid advancement in the IMS technology is soon going to replace the traditional technologies used few years. Applying an IMS technology to an wireless mobile network is not an complex procedure as it only requires the mobile operators to possess the IMS core, Application servers and customer service to take care of the needs of the users. The IMS can be modified upon the 2G and 3G mobiles as well because the mobile operators want to globalise this technology by migrating it from AMERICA to different places across the globe and making it fully commercial by 2008. Mobile networks have become an major trend in carrying out all the IP operations as this will enable a mobile device to have both Mobile and fixed broadb and services and hence increasing the efficiency of the services. 2. VOIP OVER CELLULAR NETWORKS: VOIP has been an major interest and an advancement in the mobile industry as it is currently being implemented in almost 85% of the mobile across the globe and hence it is an globally accepted standard for the GSM mobiles as it is going to match the standards of the IMS multimedia Telephony in the 3GPP technology and it will give rise to many services such as Internet and MMS servicesd on the handset. The growth of the VOIP has been a huge success because it is constantly trying to eliminate the concept of voice over the wi-fi and many operators are trying to develope the VOIP in an better way to decerase the operational costs and to launch few new services such as Push to Talk and intergrated mashups for the 3g mobiles. 3. GSM operation onboard aircraft: GSM technology allows the air passengers to use their mobile phones to talk during the flight and the passengers are permitted to have incoming and outgoing calls and send and receive the text messages via SMS by the means of GPRS technology and the mobile phones are fitted with network access which have an on board network to allow the passengers to call but will be charged with an roaming cost of making calls. The frequency what we are assigning here is in the 1800hz bandwidth and it is generally lower than 900 mhz to avoid the ground interference. ARCHITECTURE: The LTE 3GPP concept is been used in the GSM onboard system , since the connectivity of the mobile phones in the plane is normally through the GSM standards which is being developed by the 3GPP networks. 8. CONCLUSION: Hence the technical advancements in the GSM Technology is going to be more feasible because the GSM service onboard is perhaps the best mode of advancement in the GSM technology because it is capable of delivering swervices over the flight where it effectively manages the On board system on the plane and the aviation industry is really benifited by bthis move of Mobile technology which can benifit the aviation industry also. To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.

Why Should We Respect Difference in Others

Guillermo NigaglioniSeptember 25, 2010 Ad English-02Mrs. Wanda Miranda Why Should We Respect Difference in Others Everyone has a quality that makes them different from other people. If you don’t like or respect other’s qualities, they will do the same to you and you won’t like that. Also, if you don’t like that quality, don’t tell them. Just keep it to yourself and no one gets their feelings hurt. Others can also hate you for your own qualities because no one is perfect especially people that say that they are perfect. ome qualities can be the same, but at least one thing has to be different from other people. There are many ways to try to treat one’s differences with respect. One of those ways is trying not to insult them or make fun of them. For example, they might have a new type of hair and it may look funny, but don’t say it out loud. Another way is to listen to them when they speak. Don’t ignore them when they speak becaus e they could do the same to you. Finally, you could respect them by being sensitive with their feelings.If you see someone crying, help them and discover why they are crying. Some of the people you really need to respect are your friends and family. Your friends are people that respect you if you treat them well. They can be sensitive to your needs as well as you beings sensitive to their needs. They can stop being your friends if you don’t respect their differences. Your family is the group of people that respect you the most. If you have a different quality than any other of your family members, they can respect you for it and you can respect them for their qualities.Respecting other’s beliefs is important when we talk about taste. For example: I like apple and you like peach; I like blue cars and you like red cars. We all have different types of likes and dislikes, so we have to respect that because not everyone is the same. Also, we can criticize our own opinions a nd other’s opinions to identify the â€Å"correct† one because not everyone is correct with their own opinions. We all believe in different things which is why we need to respect each other for it and we can discuss it in a calm and respectful way.To end my opinion essay, I think we should respect difference in others because no one is ever the same, even when you’re twins. The qualities that make us different can be the same to other people, but we still have at least one thing that make us different. You can believe whatever you want, but we all believe different things and we can respect that. Respecting is an important quality if you like to have many friends. You can respect the different qualities they have and you can respect that so that you make a difference in the world.

The Oral History Project I Interviewed My Grandmother

For the oral history project, I interviewed my grandmother. Her full name is Imelda Laborce, while she is known as â€Å"Meldy† to most family members. She was born in a small town called Calapacuan in the Zambales region of the Philippines. She was born in 1955 and is 61 years old. Like me, she was born in the Philippines but eventually moved to America sometime in her life. I believed she was a good candidate because I knew she was one of the earliest members of my family to travel to America. Hence, she must have good stories and have a rich background. I also never really knew anything about her past, so I just thought it would be interesting in general to learn about it. She currently lives in Union, New Jersey and works in a hospital as a nurse. I interviewed her during one of the days of Thanksgiving break. Before meeting her, I called to make sure she was okay with an interview and that if she wasn’t comfortable with anything she can tell me. She said she was really happy to tell information about herself and that she would be comfortable to say anything. On that day, we sat together at her dining room table and I started the recording with my phone. I asked her questions and she responded with great answers. She didn’t know everything of course, but she replied the best she could. I believe the interview went really well and it felt like a really casual conversation. For the majority of the time she was very upbeat. For example, when I asked her how old she was, sheShow MoreRelatedPersonal Thoughts And Reflection Of My Interview Conduction947 Words   |  4 PagesThoughts and Reflection of my Interview Conduction When I was writing the log/partial transcript I thought I did not think I would be able to fit it into three pages. It seemed to me that I would need four or five pages. I think that I eventually got the hang of the process and I managed to make it three pages exactly. 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Raising Minimum Wage - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1643 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example? The minimum wage is currently $7.25 that had started in the year of 2009. Yet, some people still do not think it is enough. The minimum wage had started off as 25 cents per hour in the year of 1938. Many would say that is crazy, because how did they survive with only being paid a quarter hourly. Many things was much cheaper back in the them times (not all things), although people fail to realize that raising the minimum will end up hurting Americans more than helping them. Minimum wage is the minimum amount anybody can get paid at a job. There is still jobs that will pay less than $7.25; like being a waitress or a hostess. It is not impossible to make more than the minimum either. Most jobs pay based off experience or skills even knowledge of what you are doing. Minimum wage rising would cause other things to rise up also in prices, maybe not all things but majority of the cost of living will be raised. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Raising Minimum Wage" essay for you Create order Why do people think raising the minimum wage would be better for the society? Some will argue that it is not enough to keep up with bills even if you work part time. A lot of people do not see the importance of raising minimum wage and why it should not be raised, they only look at it at as making more money. There is still people out here that do not even know what can happen if the minimum wage is raised and why it is the way it is even how it became to be the way that it currently is. There is more to minimum wage than just raising it. How would raising the minimum wage affect our economy? In what ways? (Wolfram, Stoll 2018) As mentioned before, it is not impossible to make more even less than what the minimum wage is. It can be a little difficult to get paid more but that is where somebody used their skills to show the job that they are worthy for getting a raise unskilled workers get paid less than skilled workers, and that is because the skilled worker knows more and is more experienced with what their job is. People do not find it fair that a grown woman or man is getting paid the same amount as a high school teen. It is at their own fault that they are making the same amount as a teen, they had the same chance the teen had. Not knowing everybody situation but within time you can find a job that pays you over $10 an hour. It might be challenging thing to do, for a felon to get a good paying job, but nothing is impossible in the generation we live in today.There is many opportunities especially in the generation today, to make lots of money in various ways. (The Balance Careers, 2018) So what is really bad about raising minimum wage?Look at what is happening in massachusetts, Before other states jump on the $15 minimum-wage bandwagon.One of two states with a $10-an-hour minimum wage. Massachusetts increased the minimum wage from $8 to $9 at the start of 2015 and to $10 on the first day of 2016. Now the state is said to have huge amount of employment losses. People who are for raising minimum wage are the ones who feel as unskilled workers deserve it, so they would not be living in poverty. The result of raising minimum wage will cause so many problems that americans are not fully aware of, or correctly informed about, it will cause many people to have to be let go because the people who are paying the minimum can not afford the higher wages so in that case, the employers have no choice but to let the people go. Business will go out of business. Our unemployment rate will increase rather than increasing. Many more will be living in poverty than they already are now. Americans who are for it also feel as that the reason for poverty is because the minimum wage is not high enough, but that is not what seems to be the case. The first standard minimum wage is formed under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, the nationwide minimum wage was designed to lift millions of American workers out of poverty and to stimulate the economy(Wittner). The past year, many angry protesters that were working fast food were suggesting that the minimum wage goes up to $15 rather tha $7.25. Others feel that fast food employees should not have that option, knowing there is plenty more jobs that pay more than $7.25. Not knowing every persons situation, most people working fast food have the ability to find a higher paying job.There is people who actually get paid for their work and their effort unlike somebody just flipping burgers and taking orders to be paid $15 an hour. If any wage was to go up, it should be to factory jobs or construction workers, they do more for the community than anybody else in my opinion. It would take a significant rise in productivity by fast food workers to where they could honestly earn fifteen dollars an hour. To put it in other words, the typical fast food restaurant works its employees for 40 hours or less a week, for the fact that after a certain amount of time the individual is considered a full-time employee and as such is awarded full-time benefits. Whether or not they spend said amount of time actually working is up to the level of business at any given time and their level of motivation on any particular day. The amount of work does not directly correlate to the time spent at work and to insinuate that it does implies willful ignorance. Factors like willingness to work, the coming and going of people from the restaurant, and the presence of a supervisor all affect work done in a day. The first of the aforementioned factors is possibly the most important because if someone is not willing to do work, then the other two will not matter to them. Bernies message resonated throughout the disgruntled working class the group was seeing stagnating wages and little job opportunities, while the majority of new GDP was going straight to the top one percent of earners.This resulted in a lot of anger towards the greedy upper class who can afford personal yachts and private jets but cannot afford to raise their employees wages to a livable wage. If we follow Sanders lead and lift the federal minimum wage to $15, anyone working a full-time, 40-hour per week job would have an annual salary of $31,285. While these demands to raise the federal minimum wage may make a lot of sense to the average citizen, those who study economics see that increasing the minimum wage will lead to unemployment and inefficiency. Because the resources of a firm are scarce, so is the amount of money that a firm can pay out for unskilled labor. When presented with an increase in the minimum wage, the firm must lay people off and stop hiring new people. This can result in massive unemployment in the short-term, the movement of jobs overseas and increased long term automation. To elaborate on this concept, lets consider a hypothetical market between unskilled laborers and a firm that produces rainbow sprinkles: Let the people say that Rainbow Sprinkle Co. makes $10,000 per hour for producing rainbow sprinkles. After the costs of the ingredients, factory maintenance and other fixed costs of production are controlled, the money that the company has to hire unskilled labor is $5,000 per hour. The company yields $5 an hour in sprinkles from each unskilled laborer, so Rainbow Sprinkle Co. is willing and able to pay 1,000 employees up to $5 an hour to do the work. Each year, Rainbow Sprinkle Co. pays out $10,400,000 to its employees. Each of those 1,000 full-time employees will earn $10,400 annually, which is not enough to live on. After a while, the sprinkle workers demand a higher minimum wage of $15 an hour, so that their job pay is enough to support a family. Faced with this new minimum wage, the Rainbow Sprinkle Co. must pay each employee three times as much as before. It seems like an easy solution, but Rainbow Sprinkle Co. still only has $5,000 per hour to pay for unskilled work. For every employee the Rainbow Sprinkle Co. keeps, it must fire two in order to pay the hourly wage of one. The firm also must pay $15 per hour to people who yield only $5 an hour in profit, making the Rainbow Sprinkle Co. take a $10 per hour loss per employee. This new minimum wage has many unintended consequences. First, it reduces the overall number of people employed by two-thirds, and also reduces the firms efficiency due to that $10 loss per hour per employee. To compensate for this loss, the company will have to drive up the prices of sprinkles. Rainbow Sprinkle Co. will eventually move their factories overseas to a place where there is a lower minimum wage in order to stay competitive. With the new increased cost of human labor, they will spend more money on producing sprinkle-bots to take the place of workers. This new incentive to automate and leave the country will further increase the level of unemployment in the sprinkle sector and displace people from their jobs. So to summarize why minimum wage should not be raised; it is not good for the economy. Think about all the small businesses even the big ones at that. Many jobs will be lost, unemployment rate will double up, poverty will rise. It is just not the best bet at this point. Citizens got to stop being lazy and go to school to get an education or just have to hustle, because there is many ways to making money and this is not false news.